【网络中国节·诗画节气】冬至:冬藏之气,至此而极******
【网络中国节·诗画节气】
冬至:冬藏之气,至此而极
作者:侯楠楠
冬至到了。《月令七十二候集解》中记载:“冬至,十一月中。终藏之气至此而极也。”古人认为冬至为阴阳交替的时刻,“冬至一阳生,是阳动用而阴复于静也”,从此阴气盛极转衰,阳气开始萌生。冬至三候为“蚯蚓结,麋角解,水泉动”。此时天气仍十分寒冷,因此蚯蚓还蜷缩着身体冬眠;但因阳气初升,山中的泉水开始流动。不过,夏至时“鹿角解”,冬至时“麋角解”,麋与鹿长得那么像,为何分别与两个相反的节气相关?这是因为古人认为鹿角朝前属阳,夏至时阴气初升阳气渐退,鹿角开始脱落;麋角朝后属阴,冬至时阳气初升阴气渐退,麋角开始脱落。
(点击图片观看动态海报)
《敦煌二十四节气》原画出自《不可思议的敦煌·与万物共生长》创作展——最佳创作团队奖「豆荚创意」小朋友们的集体创作。动画制作:满晨
“冬至不端饺子碗,冻掉耳朵没人管”,吃饺子是北方最普遍的冬至习俗,除此之外,北京地区还要吃铜锅涮肉,而西南地区要吃羊肉汤。都说“冬至大如年”,所以冬至又被称为“亚岁”,意思是仅次于过年。三国时期曹植《冬至献袜送表》中说“亚岁迎祥,履长纳庆”,是的,你没看错,曹植这篇文章的标题中隐藏了另一个冬至习俗:给长辈送鞋袜,祝愿父母健康长寿。
“冬至至后日初长”,魏晋时期,皇宫里有用红线量日影的习俗,《岁时广记》中记载,“晋魏间,宫中用红线量日影,冬至后日添长一线”。从周朝开始,君主还要“以冬日至,致天神、人鬼”,即在这一天通过祭祀为国祈福,《史记·封禅书》也记载,君主在冬至日“礼天于南郊,迎长日之至”,可见古代各阶层对于冬至日的重视。
这么大的节日,没有理由不放假。《太平御览》中记载,汉代的冬至假期是五天,“冬至前后,君子安身静体,百官绝事,不听政,择吉辰而后省事”,冬至当天,皇帝还要大宴群臣,请他们欣赏歌舞。到了宋代,《东京梦华录》中记载,“十一月冬至,京师最重此节。虽至贫者,一年之间积累假借,至此日更易新衣,备办饮食,享祀先祖。官放关扑,庆贺往来,一如年节”。不管有没有钱,忙碌了将近一年的老百姓到了冬至这一天,都要买新衣服、置办宴会、祭祀先祖,官方还允许在这天举行关扑这样的民间博彩活动。
冬至过后,就要进入“数九”寒天了。“一九二九不出手;三九四九冰上走;五九六九河开流;七九八九耕牛遍地走,九九燕子来”,这一谚语总结了入九以后的天气变化。如何消磨将近三个月的严冬?古时文人雅士在冬至后,轮流做东,相约聚会,雅集娱乐,谓之“消寒会”,又叫“暖冬会”。据记载,唐朝时,长安有一位巨富王元宝,此人是个社交达人,冬天下大雪的时候,他命仆人将坊巷的积雪打扫干净,自己亲自站到巷口迎接宾客,请客人们到他的家里,大摆宴席,饮酒作乐,称“暖寒之会”。“归来何事添幽致,小灶灯前自煮茶”,近来“围炉煮茶”在年轻人中风靡,成为一种新型社交方式,还真有点像消寒会的“文艺复兴”。
不过,“消寒会”终究是士人阶层的高雅游戏,冬至时节大多数地区已经进入农闲时期,民间发明了“九九消寒图”,用以打发漫长的寒冬。第一种在《帝京景物略》有记载:“日冬至,画素梅一枝,为瓣八十有一,日染一瓣,瓣尽而九九出,则春深矣,曰九九消寒图。”在冬至这一天,用白描的手法画梅花一枝,共八十一片花瓣,每天点染一瓣,当梅花都被点染成胭脂色,冬天也就过去了,正如元代杨允孚《滦京杂咏》中所说:“试数窗间九九图,余寒消尽暖回初。梅花点徧无余白,看到今朝是杏株。”还有一种是书写“庭前垂柳珍重待春风”九字,这九个字的繁体字都是九笔,冬至起每日描红一笔,九九正好描完。古人正是通过这样浪漫的方式,将对春的期待一笔一划留下来。
在诗人眼里,冬至也是个值得创作的主题。杜甫《小至》诗云:“天时人事日相催,冬至阳生春又来。刺绣五纹添弱线,吹葭六琯动浮灰。岸容待腊将舒柳,山意冲寒欲放梅。云物不殊乡国异,教儿且覆掌中杯。”这里面又有个知识点,在“吹葭六琯动浮灰”一句。“葭管吹灰”是古代一种测定节气的方法,古人认为律历同源,把不同尺寸的律管埋入地下一部分,露出一部分。建一处三重的密室,封闭严实,把十二律管按照对应的月份位子埋好,里面装上芦苇烧成的灰,到了相应的节气,则灰就会被从律管中涌出的阳气吹出来。到了冬至,其中最长的那支律管必有灰喷出来,同时还发出“嗡”的一声。这支律管就是黄钟律管,其声响便是黄钟之音。
这么大的节日,人也很容易想家。白居易有一首《邯郸冬至夜》,“邯郸驿里逢冬至,抱膝灯前影伴身。想得家中夜深坐,还应说着远行人”。冬至这一天,白居易在河北的一家酒店里,“抱膝灯前影伴身”,想家,宝宝心里苦,并且宝宝要说出来。白居易觉得,家里人应该此时也在牵挂他吧,这种情理之中的想象,放在这个特殊的时间,令人觉得质朴而深情。
看到这里,还不赶快给家里打个电话吗?
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中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.